论文代写：司法科学
该文件是由总统的科学技术顾问委员会提出的，该文件是在刑事法庭上经过充分研究的汇编法庭科学，并特别继续确保特征比较方法的科学有效性。它首先研究了DNA证据(一度被认为是错误的)导致了几个错误的判决，原因是缺乏有意义的科学审查和对该方法的“过度依赖”(PCAST 25)。为了确保司法机构和国家科学技术委员会之间的无缝合作，国家司法科学委员会于2013年成立(PCAST 34)。通过对特征比较方法的进一步研究，分析了DNA、毛发、咬痕、子弹、轮胎痕迹、声音指纹、指纹等法医物证是如何用于客观和主观的分析，以建立一个有效的案例(PCAST 41)。对法医检验人员来说，证明该方法的可靠性的重要性，以及对随机匹配的概率和超出经验证据的含义的断言的重要性，是定罪或无罪释放的必要条件。进一步分析了法医学中七种主要的特征比较方法，并对其进行了深入的分析(PCAST 67- 122)。对于这些问题，PCAST首先概述了方法论和背景研究，接着是科学有效性和可靠性的研究，最终的结论和未来的道路。根据征集方法的发现，NIST、OSTP、FBI实验室、司法部长和司法机构(PCAST 124- 145)提出了一系列建议。
论文代写：司法科学
Presented by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the document is a well-researched compilation Forensic Science in Criminal Courts, and specifically goes on to ensure the scientific validity of feature-comparison methods. It begins by studying how DNA evidence, which was once considered infallible, has led to several wrongful convictions owing to the lack of meaningful scientific scrutiny and ‘over-dependence’ on the method (PCAST 25). To ensure seamless collaboration between the Judiciary and the National Science and Technology Council, the National Commission on Forensic Science was established in 2013 (PCAST 34). A closer look at Feature Comparison Methods examines how forensic evidence such as DNA, hair, bite marks, bullets, tire tracks, voice prints, fingerprints, etc. are used for objective and subjective analysis to establish a valid case (PCAST 41). The importance for a forensic examiner to demonstrate the percentage of reliability of the method in question, along with assertions about the probability of random matches and implications beyond empirical evidence, is a must for a conviction or acquittal to happen. Going a step further, the seven main feature-comparison methods in forensic science are analyzed individually in great depth (PCAST 67-122). For each of these, the PCAST has first outlined the methodology and background studies, followed by the study of scientific validity and reliability, the eventual conclusion and path ahead. Based on the findings from the enlisted methods, a series of recommendations have been put out to the NIST, OSTP, FBI Laboratory, Attorney General and the Judiciary (PCAST 124-145).
